Rani padmavati (Rani Padmini) have become a mythical Indian queen belongs to thirteenth-14th Century. She became first mentioned in a ancient poem written by the usage of malik muhammad jayasi in 1540CE. She was an lovable princess of Singhal country and got married to ratan sen who modified into king of chittor. Its genuinely Wikipedia introduction.
In previous few days the records of rani padmavati end up a country wide trouble as famous bollywood director Sanjay Leela Bhansali (director) created film on rani padmini. humans from all our u . s . a . started out out outraging the film even leaders from karni sena threatened solid of the movie.
There are numerous references about Rani Padmavati, However there's no direct reference about her whole tale till the number one work posted through Malik Muhammad Jayasi ,which directely mentioned Rani Padmavati however,it is said that many information in Jayasi paintings is exaggesplendidd.afterward Hemratan's ‘Gora Badal Padmini Chaupai work is taken into consideration because the first account of the story this is claimed to be based totally mostly on the real tale .there are many books written at the queen Padmavati,lots of them have extremely good variations but .
Inside the twelfth and 13th a few years, the Sultanate of Delhi – the kingdom set up via the gatecrashers turned into in advance than lengthy growing in electricity. The Sultans made repeated attack on Mewad on one fondness or the alternative. right right here we may also don't forget the document of Rani Padmani who emerge as the appearance for Allah-ud-commotion Khilji’s attack on Chittod. in the ones days Chittod turned into underneath the rule of King Ratansen, an triumph over and truthful warrior-draw close. remoted, from being a worshiping mate and an less costly ruler, Ratansen come to be in like manner a sponsor of articulations of the human enjoy. In his courtroom were numerous in a role human beings one in every of whom became an entertainer named Raghav Chetan. Regardless, darken to everybody, Raghav Chetan turned into moreover a paranormal performer. He used his complicated advantages to synopsis his enemies and sadly for him changed into gotten in the demonstration in his smudged show off of energizing astuteness spirits.
yes, Rani Padmini additionally called Padmavati, changed into a legendary thirteenth-14th century Indian queen (Rani). Padmavati end up an extremely stunning princess of the Singhal country (Sri Lanka). Ratan Sen(Rawal Ratan Singh), the Rajput ruler of Chittor, heard about her beauty from a speakme parrot named Hiraman. After an adventurous quest, he married her and taken her to Chittor. Alauddin Khilji, the Sultan of Delhi moreover heard approximately her beauty, and attacked Chittor to advantage her. earlier than Alauddin Khilji may want to seize Chittor, Padmavati and her partners devoted Jauhar(self-immolation).
There are a number of contesting stories about Padmavati or Padmini. at the same time as on the handiest hand, the Rajput network maintains the sanctity of the whole thing associated with her, historians frequently say that her lifestyles was not anything but a poet’s creativeness. Padmavati, who became identified for her majestic beauty. Be it her beautiful beauty or sacrifice, Rani Padmavati’s tale has always been a recollect of notable interest to statistics buffs.
The legend of Rani Padmavati is a tale of lust and struggle, which unfortunately ended in tragedy. India has seen upward push and fall of excellent dynasties, fantastic emperors, overseas invaders and heroic warriors. at the side of first rate kings, the records of India additionally saw the presence of equally memorable, queens. One such queen turned into Rani Padmini, a mythical 13th-14th-century Indian queen. She was first stated in Padmavat, an epic poem written in 1540 CE thru Malik Muhammad Jayasi. Written inside the Awadhi language, Padmavat narnotabled the historic invasion of Chittor thru Alauddin Khilji. The Muslim ruler of Delhi Sultanate seized the land ruled by Rawal Ratan Singh with purpose of capturing his wife, Rani Padmini. Alauddin became enthusiastic about Padmavati after listening to of her captivating beauty.
In line with Padmavati, Padmini turn out to be a princess of Singal country (now Sri Lanka). Padmini changed into believed to be the maximum beautiful face. She became the Queen of Chittor after Ratan-Sen, the Rajput ruler of the kingdom were given married to her after an adventurous quest. The writings additionally described her as an clever and determined warrior queen who her husband freed after he was captured via the Delhi Sultanate forces.
Among the king’s many subjects turned into Raghav Chetan, a musician in his court docket docket. What no man or woman knew, however, turned into that Raghav become additionally a sorcerer. sooner or later, whilst he modified into appearing sorcery which modified into taken into consideration unlawful, he turned into caught and banished by using the king. Enraged on the humiliation, Raghav Chetan commenced plotting revenge. He went to Delhi and took shelter in the court of Alauddin Khilji, the Sultan of Delhi. As he won the Sultan’s be given as actual with, he commenced singing reward of Queen Padmavati’s splendor, for this reason invoking the Sultan’s interest.
Intrigued via the outline of Padmavati’s engaging beauty, Alauddin marched to Chittorgarh alongside along with his soldiers and set up camp out of doors the citadel. word modified into sent to Rawal Ratan Singh that the Sultan of Delhi had come to capture a glimpse of his queen after which he would depart. The request made the King uncomfortable as Rajput custom didn’t allow ladies to fulfill strangers. but Rawal Ratan Singh knew that horrifying the Sultan should result in an attack. So, to shop his country and his human beings, he agreed that the Sultan must see his queen. Padmavati didn’t need to have a face-to-face assembly with the Sultan. So mirrors have been arranged in the palace on this type of way that the Sultan should see the queen’s reflected photograph, without the queen having to fulfill him in man or woman.
contemporary-day historian have one in every of a type wondering.A.L SRIVASTAV ,ISWRI PRASAD and plenty of others. receive as actual with in jayasi tale and Dr.ojha,Tod,k.S LAL and so on. do not keep in mind on it.
The earliest supply to say her is Padmavat, an epic fictionalized poem written thru Malik Muhammad Jayasi in 1540 CE. The text, which functions factors of myth, describes her tale as follows: Padmavati was a very lovely princess of the Singhal country (Sri Lanka). Ratansen, the Rajput ruler of Chittor, heard about her beauty from a speaking parrot named Hiraman. After an adventurous quest, he received her hand in marriage and taken her to Chittor. Alauddin Khalji, the Sultan of Delhi moreover heard about her beauty and laid siege to Chittore to gain her. Many sports passed off inside the direction of the duration of the Siege, until the fort changed into eventually taken. within the interim, Ratan Sen come to be killed in a duel with Devpal, the king of Kumbhalner who changed into additionally enamored with Padmavati's splendor. earlier than Alauddin Khalji may want to seize Chittore, Rani Padmavati and her partners dedicated Jauhar (self-immolation) to defend their honor. After her sacrifice, the Rajput guys died fighting on the battlefield.
severa next adaptions of the legend characterised her as a Hindu Rajput queen, who defended her honor in the direction of a Muslim invader. through the years, she got here to be visible as a historic determine and seemed in severa novels, plays, tv serials, and movies. but, while Alauddin Khalji's siege of Chittor in 1303 CE is a historical occasion, the legend of Padmini has little ancient evidence and most current historians have rejected its authenticity.
Rani Padmavati is one of the most respected Queens within the Indian records who lived in 13th-14th century. She cherished her husband clearly and devoted Jauhar(self-immolation) with 16,000 maids to protect her honour whilst she came to recognize that Alauddin Khilji is going to assault Chittorgarh fortress. The Rajput community substantially apprehend Rani Padmavati and worship her.
Sufi poet Malik Muhahmmad Jayasi wrote a poem named Padmavat in 1540( this is 16th century) along along with his very personal imaginations while he got here to understand approximately this form of huge sacrifice. The real model of the tale is handiest regarded to The Royal households of Rajasthan. The actual version remained inside the Royal households exceptional however the poem have become very famous and those started out to consider what is written inside the poem is correct.
In Wikipedia it's far written that “a amazing deal of the data about Jayasi comes from legends, and his date and location of start are a depend of discussion.”
In 1303 ad, Alauddin Khilji, the Turkic Sultan of Delhi, captured Chittorgarh after an extended siege. hundred and thirty-seven years later, an Awadhi poet named Malik Muhammad Jayasi composed a poem titled Padmavat approximately the autumn of Chittor. The tale was picked up in succeeding eras via historians which include the chronicler of Akbar’s reign Abul Fazl.
The story of Padmini varies from one creator to another but the number one contours are similar. A sorcerer banished via the king of Mewar Ratan Singh reveals safe haven inside the Khilji courtroom docket, wherein he fills the Sultan’s ears with recollections of the beauty of Ratan Singh’s spouse, Padmini. Alauddin manages to get a glimpse of her, and is enraptured. He captures Ratan Singh via deceit, and offers to release him in exchange for Padmini. The Rajputs hatch a cunning stratagem to free their king, but lose numerous warriors inside the machine. Alauddin defeats the weakened Rajput military, handiest to discover that Padmini and all one of a kind girls in Chittor castle have devoted jauhar.
Please make certain that you do not say some issue that could damage others. Rani Padmini lives in the heart of each citizen of Mewar - the a part of Rajasthan spherical Udaipur.
Rani Padmini is concept for her mesmerising splendor, and for her extremely good sacrifice of “Johar”, this is the act of self immolation to maintain her honour. and she or he become not by myself, hundreds of the girls of Chittorgarh dedicated Johar (self immolation) for the sake of keeping their 255fb4167996c4956836e74441cbd507 dignity and for the sake of the national pleasure and honour.
All this took place because of the reality an invader modified into in search of to take hold of away the queen from her legally wedded husband, Rana Ratan Singh, the King of Mewar, and that became due to the fact he became shamelessly and immorally captivated with her splendor and needed to acquire her through any approach, honest or foul, and invaded Chittorgarh, to satisfy his base reasons.
however, after he failed to win irrespective of his big navy, as compared to small and brave forces of Mewar, he determined to use treachery and managed to abduct Rana Ratan Singh at the same time as dialogue for peace became underway. even though, Gora and Badal, brave Mewari warriors, broke the enemy cordon and rescued Rana Ratan Singh.
however, smitten by means of the use of the splendor of the queen, the invader continued and and killed the king with the aid of the usage of deceit however he arrives inside the castle simplest to discover the ashes of Queen Padmini.
Wiki internet page on the legendary queen Rani Padmini concludes her lack of lifestyles, this way : “The fortress of Chittorgarh really lies in ruins, its inhabitants are indeed dead, but well understood Chittorgarh is the edifice of love, as examined through Queen Padmavati’s remedy to devote sati for her useless loved, and this edifice stays untouched. for that reason, loss of life and defeat are mockingly the proofs of an last victory.”
other than Chittorgarh, Kumbhalgarh and palaces of Udaipur, the shrines of Shrinath ji - Nathdwara and Ekling ji, are the opposite fundamental landmarks of Mewar area. Rana Ratan Singh, husband of Rani Padmini, have become an ancestor of Maharana Pratap. Rana Kumbha, Rana Sanga, and Panna Dhai, are other well known names of Mewar.
it is believed Maharani Padmini carried out Jauhar in 1303,The year Allaudin Khilzi attacked Chittor. Jauhar grow to be the act of self-immolation executed through girls, maximum considerably by using the queens & royal women of the Rajput dynasty, In Rajasthan after the death in their husband at the palms of the enemy. those self immolation practices were to keep oneself from being taken as a mistress or slave with the aid of using the victor, Which end up now not perfect to the Rajputana queens, for it symbolised the giving up in their self recognize & pleasure Which turned into of maximum significance of Rajputs.
that may be a completely interesting question. We Indians want to romanticize history __ be it Salim-Anarkali or Jodha-Akbar or Samyuktha-Prthviraj. W moreover agree with that Alexander’s spouse tied Rakhi to Purushothama or King Porus and subsequently Purushothama’s defeat in Alexander’s hands.
Can any of those be real? consistent with Prithviraj Raso, Jaichandra and Prithiviraj had been cousins. Their mothers were sisters. ancient Indian subculture and Hindu religion before overseas conquest never allowed marriages among a niece and uncle. plenty for fact or historicity.
In previous few days the records of rani padmavati end up a country wide trouble as famous bollywood director Sanjay Leela Bhansali (director) created film on rani padmini. humans from all our u . s . a . started out out outraging the film even leaders from karni sena threatened solid of the movie.
Who was Rani Padmavati?
Director Sanjay Leela Bhansali made his new Film Padmaavat is brutally overwhelmed up on sets of movie, people from numerous rajputana businesses and commercial enterprise organization illegally entered in set premises and start abusing the whole group. They Brutally slapped director and his security personals on the decision of destroying history.There are numerous references about Rani Padmavati, However there's no direct reference about her whole tale till the number one work posted through Malik Muhammad Jayasi ,which directely mentioned Rani Padmavati however,it is said that many information in Jayasi paintings is exaggesplendidd.afterward Hemratan's ‘Gora Badal Padmini Chaupai work is taken into consideration because the first account of the story this is claimed to be based totally mostly on the real tale .there are many books written at the queen Padmavati,lots of them have extremely good variations but .
Inside the twelfth and 13th a few years, the Sultanate of Delhi – the kingdom set up via the gatecrashers turned into in advance than lengthy growing in electricity. The Sultans made repeated attack on Mewad on one fondness or the alternative. right right here we may also don't forget the document of Rani Padmani who emerge as the appearance for Allah-ud-commotion Khilji’s attack on Chittod. in the ones days Chittod turned into underneath the rule of King Ratansen, an triumph over and truthful warrior-draw close. remoted, from being a worshiping mate and an less costly ruler, Ratansen come to be in like manner a sponsor of articulations of the human enjoy. In his courtroom were numerous in a role human beings one in every of whom became an entertainer named Raghav Chetan. Regardless, darken to everybody, Raghav Chetan turned into moreover a paranormal performer. He used his complicated advantages to synopsis his enemies and sadly for him changed into gotten in the demonstration in his smudged show off of energizing astuteness spirits.
Read More : When Padmaavat Full Movie Will be Released!
yes, Rani Padmini additionally called Padmavati, changed into a legendary thirteenth-14th century Indian queen (Rani). Padmavati end up an extremely stunning princess of the Singhal country (Sri Lanka). Ratan Sen(Rawal Ratan Singh), the Rajput ruler of Chittor, heard about her beauty from a speakme parrot named Hiraman. After an adventurous quest, he married her and taken her to Chittor. Alauddin Khilji, the Sultan of Delhi moreover heard approximately her beauty, and attacked Chittor to advantage her. earlier than Alauddin Khilji may want to seize Chittor, Padmavati and her partners devoted Jauhar(self-immolation).
There are a number of contesting stories about Padmavati or Padmini. at the same time as on the handiest hand, the Rajput network maintains the sanctity of the whole thing associated with her, historians frequently say that her lifestyles was not anything but a poet’s creativeness. Padmavati, who became identified for her majestic beauty. Be it her beautiful beauty or sacrifice, Rani Padmavati’s tale has always been a recollect of notable interest to statistics buffs.
The legend of Rani Padmavati is a tale of lust and struggle, which unfortunately ended in tragedy. India has seen upward push and fall of excellent dynasties, fantastic emperors, overseas invaders and heroic warriors. at the side of first rate kings, the records of India additionally saw the presence of equally memorable, queens. One such queen turned into Rani Padmini, a mythical 13th-14th-century Indian queen. She was first stated in Padmavat, an epic poem written in 1540 CE thru Malik Muhammad Jayasi. Written inside the Awadhi language, Padmavat narnotabled the historic invasion of Chittor thru Alauddin Khilji. The Muslim ruler of Delhi Sultanate seized the land ruled by Rawal Ratan Singh with purpose of capturing his wife, Rani Padmini. Alauddin became enthusiastic about Padmavati after listening to of her captivating beauty.
In line with Padmavati, Padmini turn out to be a princess of Singal country (now Sri Lanka). Padmini changed into believed to be the maximum beautiful face. She became the Queen of Chittor after Ratan-Sen, the Rajput ruler of the kingdom were given married to her after an adventurous quest. The writings additionally described her as an clever and determined warrior queen who her husband freed after he was captured via the Delhi Sultanate forces.
Among the king’s many subjects turned into Raghav Chetan, a musician in his court docket docket. What no man or woman knew, however, turned into that Raghav become additionally a sorcerer. sooner or later, whilst he modified into appearing sorcery which modified into taken into consideration unlawful, he turned into caught and banished by using the king. Enraged on the humiliation, Raghav Chetan commenced plotting revenge. He went to Delhi and took shelter in the court of Alauddin Khilji, the Sultan of Delhi. As he won the Sultan’s be given as actual with, he commenced singing reward of Queen Padmavati’s splendor, for this reason invoking the Sultan’s interest.
Read More: Padmaavat Song Ek Dil Ek Jaan | Lyrics | Video
Intrigued via the outline of Padmavati’s engaging beauty, Alauddin marched to Chittorgarh alongside along with his soldiers and set up camp out of doors the citadel. word modified into sent to Rawal Ratan Singh that the Sultan of Delhi had come to capture a glimpse of his queen after which he would depart. The request made the King uncomfortable as Rajput custom didn’t allow ladies to fulfill strangers. but Rawal Ratan Singh knew that horrifying the Sultan should result in an attack. So, to shop his country and his human beings, he agreed that the Sultan must see his queen. Padmavati didn’t need to have a face-to-face assembly with the Sultan. So mirrors have been arranged in the palace on this type of way that the Sultan should see the queen’s reflected photograph, without the queen having to fulfill him in man or woman.
Padmavati or Padamini become personalty of early 14th century (1300-1303 advert) but she become have end up well-known by e-book of Malik Mohammed Jayasi in 16th century. name of ebook IS padmavat.
in keeping with jayasi , Padmavati have become princess of sihal dwip and spouse the of Rana Ranatansingh of Chittor. Ragav Chatan have become former courtiers of the chittor ,who preferred to take revange of his inselt from ratansingh went to Alluddin khilji and defined approximately beauty of padmavati. Alludin khilji started out to consider padmini and attacked on chittor 1303 ad to get her.ratansingh defeated via using khilji.Gora and badal trustworthy generals of chittor fought difficult and sacrificed their life.Padmavati went for Johar and sacrificed her lifestyles.she concept it changed into better than went to haram of khilji.
it's far story of Padmavati by way of using Malik Mohamed Jayasi.distinctive historians have one-of-a-kind views about it tale.all historian considered that alludin khilji attacked on chittor and padavati went for Johar.but fundamental trouble become motiv of attack through khilji.Jiaudin Barani and Amir khusaru each furnished file of chittor attake but in keeping with every khilji attacked chittor to capture it and spread his nation.contemporary-day historian have one in every of a type wondering.A.L SRIVASTAV ,ISWRI PRASAD and plenty of others. receive as actual with in jayasi tale and Dr.ojha,Tod,k.S LAL and so on. do not keep in mind on it.
The earliest supply to say her is Padmavat, an epic fictionalized poem written thru Malik Muhammad Jayasi in 1540 CE. The text, which functions factors of myth, describes her tale as follows: Padmavati was a very lovely princess of the Singhal country (Sri Lanka). Ratansen, the Rajput ruler of Chittor, heard about her beauty from a speaking parrot named Hiraman. After an adventurous quest, he received her hand in marriage and taken her to Chittor. Alauddin Khalji, the Sultan of Delhi moreover heard about her beauty and laid siege to Chittore to gain her. Many sports passed off inside the direction of the duration of the Siege, until the fort changed into eventually taken. within the interim, Ratan Sen come to be killed in a duel with Devpal, the king of Kumbhalner who changed into additionally enamored with Padmavati's splendor. earlier than Alauddin Khalji may want to seize Chittore, Rani Padmavati and her partners dedicated Jauhar (self-immolation) to defend their honor. After her sacrifice, the Rajput guys died fighting on the battlefield.
severa next adaptions of the legend characterised her as a Hindu Rajput queen, who defended her honor in the direction of a Muslim invader. through the years, she got here to be visible as a historic determine and seemed in severa novels, plays, tv serials, and movies. but, while Alauddin Khalji's siege of Chittor in 1303 CE is a historical occasion, the legend of Padmini has little ancient evidence and most current historians have rejected its authenticity.
Rani Padmavati is one of the most respected Queens within the Indian records who lived in 13th-14th century. She cherished her husband clearly and devoted Jauhar(self-immolation) with 16,000 maids to protect her honour whilst she came to recognize that Alauddin Khilji is going to assault Chittorgarh fortress. The Rajput community substantially apprehend Rani Padmavati and worship her.
Sufi poet Malik Muhahmmad Jayasi wrote a poem named Padmavat in 1540( this is 16th century) along along with his very personal imaginations while he got here to understand approximately this form of huge sacrifice. The real model of the tale is handiest regarded to The Royal households of Rajasthan. The actual version remained inside the Royal households exceptional however the poem have become very famous and those started out to consider what is written inside the poem is correct.
In Wikipedia it's far written that “a amazing deal of the data about Jayasi comes from legends, and his date and location of start are a depend of discussion.”
In 1303 ad, Alauddin Khilji, the Turkic Sultan of Delhi, captured Chittorgarh after an extended siege. hundred and thirty-seven years later, an Awadhi poet named Malik Muhammad Jayasi composed a poem titled Padmavat approximately the autumn of Chittor. The tale was picked up in succeeding eras via historians which include the chronicler of Akbar’s reign Abul Fazl.
Read More : [Update] Padmaavat movie 2017 release date controversy
The story of Padmini varies from one creator to another but the number one contours are similar. A sorcerer banished via the king of Mewar Ratan Singh reveals safe haven inside the Khilji courtroom docket, wherein he fills the Sultan’s ears with recollections of the beauty of Ratan Singh’s spouse, Padmini. Alauddin manages to get a glimpse of her, and is enraptured. He captures Ratan Singh via deceit, and offers to release him in exchange for Padmini. The Rajputs hatch a cunning stratagem to free their king, but lose numerous warriors inside the machine. Alauddin defeats the weakened Rajput military, handiest to discover that Padmini and all one of a kind girls in Chittor castle have devoted jauhar.
Please make certain that you do not say some issue that could damage others. Rani Padmini lives in the heart of each citizen of Mewar - the a part of Rajasthan spherical Udaipur.
Rani Padmini is concept for her mesmerising splendor, and for her extremely good sacrifice of “Johar”, this is the act of self immolation to maintain her honour. and she or he become not by myself, hundreds of the girls of Chittorgarh dedicated Johar (self immolation) for the sake of keeping their 255fb4167996c4956836e74441cbd507 dignity and for the sake of the national pleasure and honour.
All this took place because of the reality an invader modified into in search of to take hold of away the queen from her legally wedded husband, Rana Ratan Singh, the King of Mewar, and that became due to the fact he became shamelessly and immorally captivated with her splendor and needed to acquire her through any approach, honest or foul, and invaded Chittorgarh, to satisfy his base reasons.
however, after he failed to win irrespective of his big navy, as compared to small and brave forces of Mewar, he determined to use treachery and managed to abduct Rana Ratan Singh at the same time as dialogue for peace became underway. even though, Gora and Badal, brave Mewari warriors, broke the enemy cordon and rescued Rana Ratan Singh.
however, smitten by means of the use of the splendor of the queen, the invader continued and and killed the king with the aid of the usage of deceit however he arrives inside the castle simplest to discover the ashes of Queen Padmini.
Wiki internet page on the legendary queen Rani Padmini concludes her lack of lifestyles, this way : “The fortress of Chittorgarh really lies in ruins, its inhabitants are indeed dead, but well understood Chittorgarh is the edifice of love, as examined through Queen Padmavati’s remedy to devote sati for her useless loved, and this edifice stays untouched. for that reason, loss of life and defeat are mockingly the proofs of an last victory.”
other than Chittorgarh, Kumbhalgarh and palaces of Udaipur, the shrines of Shrinath ji - Nathdwara and Ekling ji, are the opposite fundamental landmarks of Mewar area. Rana Ratan Singh, husband of Rani Padmini, have become an ancestor of Maharana Pratap. Rana Kumbha, Rana Sanga, and Panna Dhai, are other well known names of Mewar.
it is believed Maharani Padmini carried out Jauhar in 1303,The year Allaudin Khilzi attacked Chittor. Jauhar grow to be the act of self-immolation executed through girls, maximum considerably by using the queens & royal women of the Rajput dynasty, In Rajasthan after the death in their husband at the palms of the enemy. those self immolation practices were to keep oneself from being taken as a mistress or slave with the aid of using the victor, Which end up now not perfect to the Rajputana queens, for it symbolised the giving up in their self recognize & pleasure Which turned into of maximum significance of Rajputs.
that may be a completely interesting question. We Indians want to romanticize history __ be it Salim-Anarkali or Jodha-Akbar or Samyuktha-Prthviraj. W moreover agree with that Alexander’s spouse tied Rakhi to Purushothama or King Porus and subsequently Purushothama’s defeat in Alexander’s hands.
Can any of those be real? consistent with Prithviraj Raso, Jaichandra and Prithiviraj had been cousins. Their mothers were sisters. ancient Indian subculture and Hindu religion before overseas conquest never allowed marriages among a niece and uncle. plenty for fact or historicity.
